Pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis
Keywords:
emotional lability, multiple sclerosis, pathological laughing and crying, pseudobulbar affect, treatmentAbstract
Pseudobulbar affect, a condition involving involuntary and uncontrollable episodes of crying and/or laughing, occurs frequently in patients with a variety of neurological disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Symptoms of pseudobulbar affect are similar across patient populations.
The cause of pseudobulbar affect is not fully understood, but it is generally thought to result from an injury to the neurologic pathways that control emotional expression. Theories regarding the mechanism of pseudobulbar affect vary. Glutamatergic and monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems appear to be involved.
In multiple sclerosis patients, estimates of pseudobulbar prevalence range from 7% to 29%, depending on terminology, diagnostic criteria, and populations being studied. Pseudobulbar affect generally occurs in progressive phase of multiple sclerosis.
The symptoms of pseudobulbar affect can be severe, which can disrupt the lives of patients in both social and occupational settings.
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